Reducing source loading effect in spin torque transfer magnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM)

ABSTRACT

A memory cell comprises a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure that includes a free layer coupled to a bit line and a pinned layer. A magnetic moment of the free layer is substantially parallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state and substantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a second state. The pinned layer has a physical dimension to produce an offset magnetic field corresponding to a first switching current of the MTJ structure to enable switching between the first state and the second state when a first voltage is applied from the bit line to a source line coupled to an access transistor and a second switching current to enable switching between the second state and the first state when the first voltage is applied from the source line to the bit line.

I. CLAIM OF PRIORITY

The present application claims priority from and is a divisional of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/396,295, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled“REDUCING SOURCE LOADING EFFECT IN SPIN TORQUE TRANSFERMAGNETORESISITIVE RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (STT-MRAM),” the content of whichis incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

II. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to reducing a sourceloading effect in spin torque transfer magnetoresistive random accessmemory (STT-MRAM).

III. BACKGROUND

Advances in non-volatile memory technology include resistance-basedmemory technologies, such as Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory(MRAM). MRAM technology is an emerging non-volatile memory technologythat employs ferromagnetic-based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) as thebasic memory elements. A commonly used array architecture for MRAMs isthe one-transistor, one-MTJ (1T1MTJ) architecture. As the name suggests,each bit cell in this architecture consists of an MTJ connected inseries with an n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) accesstransistor. In order to leverage the increased density and areareduction advantages associated with scaling down NMOS technologies, itis desirable to use smaller transistors and lower operating voltages forthe MRAM bit cell. However, while scaling down NMOS technology into thedeep submicron regime yields area and density benefits, difficulties mayarise in designing an 1T1MTJ architecture with stable operation,particularly with respect to a source loading effect.

IV. SUMMARY

In a particular embodiment, a method is disclosed that includesdetermining a switching current ratio of a magnetic tunnel junction(MTJ) structure that enables stable operation of a memory cell. Thememory cell includes the MTJ structure coupled to an access transistor.The method also includes modifying an offset magnetic field that isincident to a free layer of the MTJ structure. The modified offsetmagnetic field causes the MTJ structure to exhibit the switching currentratio. The offset magnetic field may result from magnetostatic couplingsbetween the free layer and its adjacent layers in the MTJ structure.

A polarity of the offset field may depend on a connection type. In aparticular embodiment, the memory cell may be adjusted from a firstconfiguration having the access transistor electrically coupled to apinned layer of the MTJ structure to a second configuration having theaccess transistor electrically coupled to the free layer of the MTJstructure to reduce a source loading effect at the memory cell. In oneembodiment, a memory cell having the adjusted thickness of the pinnedlayer of the MTJ structure is disclosed. In another embodiment, anapparatus including a spin torque transfer magnetoresistive randomaccess memory (STT-MRAM) is disclosed that includes a memory cell thatis designed in accordance with the disclosed method.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that includes a memorycell that includes a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure. The MTJstructure includes a free layer coupled to a bit line and also includesa pinned layer. A magnetic moment of the free layer is substantiallyparallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state andsubstantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer ina second state. The pinned layer has a physical dimension to produce anoffset magnetic field corresponding to a first switching current of theMTJ structure to enable switching between the first state and the secondstate when a first voltage is applied from the bit line to a source linecoupled to an access transistor and a second switching current to enableswitching between the second state and the first state when the firstvoltage is applied from the source line to the bit line.

In another embodiment, a memory cell is disclosed that includes amagnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure. The MTJ structure includes afree layer and also includes a pinned layer coupled to a bit line. Amagnetic moment of the free layer is substantially parallel to amagnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state and substantiallyantiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a secondstate. The memory cell also includes an access transistor having asource terminal coupled to a source line and having a drain terminalcoupled to the free layer of the MTJ structure via a conductive path. Afirst distance between the free layer and the drain terminal of theaccess transistor is greater than a second distance between the pinnedlayer and the drain terminal.

In another embodiment, an apparatus is disclosed that includes a memorydevice that includes a plurality of memory cells. At least one memorycell of the plurality of memory cells includes a magnetic tunneljunction (MTJ) structure. A magnetic moment of a free layer of the MTJstructure is substantially parallel to a magnetic moment of a pinnedlayer of the MTJ structure in a first state and substantiallyantiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a secondstate. The memory cell also includes an access transistor coupled to theMTJ structure. A ratio of a magnitude of a first switching current toswitch the MTJ structure from the first state to the second state isless than half of a second switching current to switch the MTJ structurefrom the second state to the first state.

One particular advantage provided by the disclosed embodiments is adesign methodology for the different bitcell types to achieve STT-MRAMswitching by adjusting device parameters to operate within a particulartransistor current-voltage characteristic.

Other aspects, advantages, and features of the present disclosure willbecome apparent after review of the entire application, including thefollowing sections: Brief Description of the Drawings, DetailedDescription, and the Claims.

V. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a particular illustrative embodiment of amemory device including a memory cell having a programmed offsetmagnetic field;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a particular illustrative embodiment of a memorycell having a programmed offset magnetic field:

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a first illustrative embodiment of a magnetictunnel junction (MTJ) structure having a programmed offset magneticfield;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a second illustrative embodiment of a magnetictunnel junction (MTJ) structure having a programmed offset magneticfield;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a first embodiment of operating characteristicsof a memory cell;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a second embodiment of operating characteristicsof a memory cell;

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a model of a relationship between aswitching current ratio and a magnetic field ratio that can be used todetermine a programmed offset magnetic field;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method of reducing a source loading effectof a spin torque transfer magnetoresistive random access memory(STT-MRAM);

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a particular illustrative embodiment of awireless communication device including a resistance based memory havinga memory cell with a programmed offset magnetic field; and

FIG. 10 is a data flow diagram of a particular illustrative embodimentof a manufacturing process to manufacture electronic devices thatinclude a memory cell having a programmed offset magnetic field.

VI. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a diagram of a particular illustrative embodimentof a memory device including a memory cell having a programmed offsetmagnetic field is depicted and generally designated 100. The memorydevice 100 may include a memory array 102, such as spin torque transfermagnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) memory array. Thememory array 102 includes a memory cell 116 having a programmed offsetmagnetic field. The memory array 102 may be coupled by bit lines 104 toa bit line logic circuit 106. The memory array 102 may be coupled byword lines 108 to a word line logic circuit 110. The memory array 102may also be coupled to an amplifier 112.

In a particular embodiment, the memory cell 116 having the programmedoffset magnetic field includes a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)structure coupled to an access transistor in a 1T1MTJ configuration. Aswill be discussed with respect to FIGS. 2-8, the memory cell 116 mayhave one or more physical dimensions selected to program an offsetmagnetic field of the MTJ structure. The offset magnetic field isprogrammed to shift critical switching points of the MTJ to enablewriting data values to the memory cell 116 when the access transistor isin a source loading operating state.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a particular illustrative embodiment of a memorycell having a programmed offset magnetic field. The memory cell 200includes a substrate 202 having an access transistor 204 coupled to aMTJ structure 206 via a conductive path 208, such as one or more metalor polysilicon wires, contacts, or vias. In a particular embodiment, thememory cell 200 is the memory cell 116 of FIG. 1.

The access transistor 204 has a source 210 coupled to a source contact212 that is coupled to a source line and a drain 216 coupled to the MTJstructure 206 via the conductive path 208. A voltage applied to a wordline 214 modulates a channel between the source 210 and the drain 216.

The MTJ structure 206 includes an access transistor electrode 218connected to the conductive path 208. The MTJ structure 206 includes anantiferromagnetic (AF) layer 220 on the access transistor electrode 218,a pinned layer 222, a tunnel barrier 224, and a free layer 226. A bitline access electrode 228 is coupled to a bit line (BL) 230. The freelayer 226 is a first distance 292 from the drain 216, and the pinnedlayer 222 is a second distance 294 from the drain 216. The seconddistance 294 is less than the first distance 292.

The pinned layer 222 includes a pinned magnetic moment 234 having adirection that is fixed by the AF layer 220. The free layer 226 includesa magnetic moment 236 that can have a parallel or antiparallelorientation with respect to the pinned magnetic moment 234. In a firststate, the magnetic moment 236 of the free layer 226 is substantiallyparallel to the pinned magnetic moment 234 of the pinned layer 222 (the“P” state). In a second state, the magnetic moment 236 of the free layer226 is substantially anti-parallel to the pinned magnetic moment 234 ofthe pinned layer 222 (the “AP” state). A first current density, termed a“critical” current density J_(C(P→AP)), represents a lowest currentdensity that causes the MTJ structure 206 to switch from the first stateto the second state (“P→AP”). A second “critical” current densityJ_(C(AP→P)) represents a lowest current density that causes the MTJstructure 206 to switch from the second state to the first state(“AP→P”). Generally, P→AP switching requires a greater current than AP→Pswitching, i.e. J_(C(AP→P))<J_(C(P→AP)). In addition, the asymmetry ofthe critical current densities tends to increase as the tunnelingmagnetoresistance (TMR) increases.

In a particular embodiment, the pinned layer 222 has a physicaldimension 232 such as a thickness that is selected to program an offsetmagnetic field of the free layer 226, as will be discussed with respectto FIGS. 3-8. The offset magnetic field affects the first and secondcritical current densities such that switching currents between the twostates can be set to ensure stable operation of the memory cell 200.

Although the pinned layer 222 is illustrated as a single layer, thepinned layer 222 may include a synthetic layer having multiple layers.Also, in other embodiments the MTJ structure 206 includes additionallayers not illustrated in FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a first illustrative embodiment of a magnetictunnel junction (MTJ) structure having a programmed offset magneticfield. The MTJ structure 300 includes a free layer 302 coupled to apinned layer 304 via a barrier layer 306. In a particular embodiment,the free layer 302, the barrier layer 306, and the pinned layer 304 arethe free layer 226, the tunnel barrier layer 224, and the pinned layer222, respectively, of FIG. 2.

The free layer 302 is magnetically coupled to the pinned layer 304 viaan offset field including a Neel coupling component H_(N) 308 and amagnetostatic coupling H_(M) 310. The Neel coupling component H_(N) 308is due to interface roughness and is illustrated by field lines 314. Themagnetostatic coupling H_(M) 310 is due to uncompensated poles near theedges of the structure and is illustrated by field lines 312. Theresultant offset field H_(OFF) can be approximated as:

H_(OFF) = H_(N) + H_(M) H_(M) = B/L, and$H_{N} = {\frac{\pi^{2}}{\sqrt{2}}\left( \frac{h^{2}}{\lambda\; t_{F}} \right)M_{s}\mspace{14mu}{\exp\left( \frac{{- 2}\pi\sqrt{2}t_{S}}{\lambda} \right)}}$

where B is a magnetic flux that is proportional to a thickness t_(P) 322of the pinned layer 304, and L is a length of the pinned layer 304 inthe field direction.

The Neel coupling field can be negligible and may be pre-determined by aquality of the tunneling insulator deposition process. Hence, in thisparticular structure, the offset field can be controlled by adjustingthe thickness t_(P) 322 of the pinned layer 304.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a second illustrative embodiment 400 of amagnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure having a programmed offsetmagnetic field. The MTJ structure 402 includes a top electrode 404, afree layer 406, a barrier layer 408, a pinned layer 410, and anantiferromagnetic layer 418 on a bottom electrode 420. The pinned layer410 is a synthetic layer that includes a first magnetic layer 412 thatis proximate to the free layer 406, a non-magnetic layer 414, and asecond magnetic layer 416. The first magnetic layer 412 has a firstmagnetic moment and the second magnetic layer 416 has a second magneticmoment that is antiparallel to the first magnetic moment of the firstmagnetic layer 412.

A model 422 of an offset field H_(off) at the free layer 406 isillustrated as a function of a thickness of the second magnetic layer416. The model 422 is illustrated as generally linear, and mayempirically generated, theoretically generated, or any combinationthereof. As illustrated, decreasing a thickness of the second magneticlayer 416 applies a negative shift to the offset magnetic field, whileincreasing a thickness of the second magnetic layer 416 applies apositive shift to the offset magnetic field. In addition, the offsetmagnetic field may change direction, indicated as a transition fromnegative offset field values to positive offset field values withincreasing thickness of the second magnetic layer 416.

For example, when the second magnetic layer 416 is sufficiently thin,the first magnetic layer 412 may generate a larger component of theoffset field to the free layer 406. As the thickness of the secondmagnetic layer 416 is increased relative to the first magnetic layer,the second magnetic layer 416 contributes an increasing portion of theoffset field in a direction opposite to that of the first magnetic layer412, and eventually contributing a larger component of the offset field,resulting in a change of direction of the offset field. Such behavior isillustrated as the offset field reducing in magnitude to zero, thenchanging signs and increasing in magnitude, with increasing thickness.

Although the MTJ structure 402 and the corresponding model 422 are basedon a single pinned layer 410 having two magnetic layers 412 and 416, inother embodiments the MTJ structure 402 may have any number of layers,the thickness of any of which may be adjusted to set the offset field.Models enabling such adjustments to the various thicknesses tospecifically select or shift an offset field magnitude and direction maybe generated theoretically or experimentally, or any combinationthereof.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a first embodiment of operating characteristics500 of a memory cell 502. The memory cell 502 has a configuration wherea MTJ device 504 has a free layer deposited above a pinned layer, andthe pinned layer is electrically coupled to a drain terminal of atransistor 506 (a “normal” connection). In a particular embodiment, thememory cell 502 is the memory cell 116 of FIG. 1 or the memory cell 200of FIG. 2, includes the MTJ structure 300 of FIG. 3 or the MTJ structure400 of FIG. 4, or any combination thereof.

The MTJ device 504 has a resistance (R) that exhibits hysteresis as afunction of magnetic field (H), illustrated as a resistance-magneticfield loop (R-H loop) 514 that is “balanced,” i.e. centered at zero.Beginning at a large negative value of H, such as caused by a largecurrent through the MTJ in a first direction, the resistance has a lowvalue. The resistance remains low as H crosses zero (i.e. changesdirection). At a particular field strength, corresponding to a thermalbarrier for P-to-AP switching, the resistance increases to a high value,representing a change of the magnetic moment of the free layer, and awriting of a data bit to the memory cell 502. As the field decreasespast zero, the resistance remains high until the resistance returns toits low value when the magnetic moment of the free layer returns to itsoriginal orientation, i.e., when a data bit of opposite value is writtento the memory cell 502.

A negative shift 516 is applied to the balanced R-H loop 514 bymodifying an offset magnetic field by adjusting a physical dimension ofthe adjacent layers, such as a thickness of the pinned layer or of oneor more layers within the adjacent layers. The resulting unbalanced R-Hloop 512 illustrates a transition from the low resistance state (i.e.,the AP state) to the high resistance state (i.e., the P state) occurs atH_(C+), and a transition from the high resistance state to the lowresistance state (i.e., the AP state) occurs at H_(C−). The negativeshift 516 shifts both H_(C−) and H_(C+) in a negative direction suchthat a magnitude of H_(C−) is greater than a magnitude of H_(C+).

A load line characteristic corresponding to operation of the memory cell502 configured to have the unbalanced R-H loop 512 is depicted in afirst bias condition 530 and a second bias condition 550. In the firstbias condition 530, a characteristic of the MTJ device 504 as a functionof a voltage across the MTJ device 504, with the source line (SL)grounded and the bit line (BL) biased at a positive voltage (V_(BL)), isillustrated by a MTJ current-voltage (I-V) curve 534. A characteristicof the transistor 506 having a positive gate voltage V_(G) isillustrated by a transistor I-V curve 532 as a function of the voltageacross the MTJ device 504. An intersection of the MTJ I-V curve 534 andthe transistor I-V curve 532 indicates an operating point of the memorycell, and the voltage value at the operating point must be larger than aswitching voltage for stable writing operations.

The MTJ I-V curve 534 illustrates that as the voltage across the MTJdevice 504 increases from zero, the current through the MTJ device 504increases. Following the lower line, which represents ahigher-resistance state of the MTJ device 504 (i.e., the AP state),current increases with voltage until a transition 536 indicates a switchto the lower-resistance state (i.e., the P state). The transition 536occurs at a critical current I_(C+) 538 when a current density throughthe MTJ device 504 equals the critical current density J_(C(AP→P)).Current though the MTJ device 504 continues to increase with increasingvoltage at a rate corresponding to the lower resistance state. Asvoltage across the MTJ device 504 decreases, the current through the MTJdevice 504 decreases substantially linearly in the lower resistancestate.

In the second bias condition 550, a characteristic of the MTJ device 504as a function of a voltage across the MTJ device 504, with the sourceline (SL) biased at V_(BL) and the bit line (BL) grounded, isillustrated by a MTJ current-voltage (I-V) curve 556. A characteristicof the transistor 506 having a negative gate voltage −V_(G) isillustrated by a transistor I-V curve 552 as a function of the voltageacross the MTJ device 504. An intersection of the MTJ I-V curve 554 andthe transistor I-V curve 552 indicates a stable operating point of thememory cell 502.

The transistor I-V curve 552 demonstrates a reduced current compared tothe transistor I-V curve 532 as a result of the source loading effect.In particular, when the transistor 506 is an n-channelmetal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS)-type field effect transistor, in thefirst bias condition 530 the gate-source voltage difference (V_(GS)) isa constant V_(G). In contrast, under the second bias condition 550 thegate-source voltage difference varies with the voltage across the MTJdevice 504 (V_(MTJ)).

The MTJ I-V curve 544 illustrates that as the voltage across the MTJdevice 504 increases in magnitude from zero (i.e. becomes morenegative), the current through the MTJ device 504 increases in magnitude(i.e. increased current flow) in an opposite direction than in theoperating state 530. Following the lower line, which represents the Pstate of the MTJ device 504, current through the MTJ device 504increases in magnitude with voltage until a transition 556 indicates aswitch to the AP state. The transition 556 occurs at a critical currentI_(C−) 558 when a current density through the MTJ device 504 equals thecritical current density J_(C(P→AP)). After the transition to a reducedcurrent, the current though the MTJ device 504 continues to increase inmagnitude with voltage at a rate corresponding to the higher resistancestate. As voltage across the MTJ device 504 returns toward zero from anegative value, the magnitude of the current through the MTJ device 504decreases substantially linearly in the higher resistance state.

A loadline analysis of the memory cell 502 indicates that the transistor506 provides sufficient current to enable the MTJ device to switch fromthe AP state to the P state in the first bias condition 530 and also toswitch from the P state to the AP state in the second bias condition550. However, as indicated by the illustrated by the dashed linesrepresenting the MTJ I-V curve corresponding to the balanced R-H loop514, without generating offset magnetic field to cause the negativeshift 516 of the balanced R-H loop 514, a P→AP transition 562 requires alarger current than can be provided by the transistor device 506 in thesecond bias condition 550. As a result, the memory cell 502 is unstablewith the balanced R-H loop 514 and data cannot reliably be written tothe memory cell 502 without applying the negative shift 516 thatgenerates a shift 560 in the MTJ I-V curves.

The shift 560 shifts the P→AP transition 562 to the transition 556occurring at a smaller magnitude current density J_(C(P→AP)) and shiftsthe AP→P transition 540 to the transition 536 occurring at a largermagnitude current density J_(C(AP→P)). Thus, generating the offsetmagnetic field to cause the negative shift 516, such as by adjusting athickness of a pinned layer of the MTJ device 504, causes the shift 560in the MTJ I-V response and results in an decreased ratio of|J_(C(P→AP))|/J_(C(AP→P)), which enables stable operation and correctswitching of the memory cell 502.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a second embodiment of operating characteristicsof a memory cell 602. The memory cell 602 may have a first configuration604 where a MTJ device has a free layer deposited above a pinned layer,and is “reverse connected” such that the free layer is electricallycoupled to a drain terminal of the transistor via a conductive path. Forexample, the conductive path may include wires, vias, and contacts thatelectrically connect the drain terminal to a top electrode of the MTJdevice. The memory cell 602 may alternatively have a secondconfiguration 606 where the MTJ device has a “reversed layer” structurewhere a pinned layer is deposited above a free layer, and the free layeris electrically coupled to a drain terminal of the transistor. In aparticular embodiment, the memory cell 602 is the memory cell 116 ofFIG. 1.

The MTJ device 602 in either configuration 604 or 606 can have aresistance-magnetic field loop (R-H loop) 614 that is “balanced,” i.e.centered at zero. A positive shift 616 is applied to the balanced R-Hloop 614 by modifying an offset magnetic field by adjusting a physicaldimension of the adjacent layers, such as a thickness of the pinnedlayer or of one or more layers within the pinned layer. A resultingunbalanced R-H loop 612 illustrates a transition from the low resistancestate (i.e., the P state) to the high resistance state (i.e., the APstate) occurs at H_(C+), and a transition from the high resistance stateto the high resistance state (i.e., the AP state) occurs at H_(C−) Thepositive shift 616 shifts both H_(C−) and H_(C+) in a positive directionsuch that a magnitude of H_(C+) is greater than a magnitude of H_(C−).

A load line characteristic corresponding to operation of the memory cell602 configured to have the unbalanced R-H loop 612 is depicted in afirst bias condition 630 and a second bias condition 650. In the firstbias condition 630, a characteristic of the MTJ device as a function ofa voltage across the MTJ device, with the source line (SL) grounded andthe bit line (BL) biased at a positive voltage (V_(BL)), is illustratedby a MTJ current-voltage (I-V) curve 634. A characteristic of thetransistor having a positive gate voltage V_(G) is illustrated by atransistor I-V curve 632 as a function of the voltage across the MTJdevice. An intersection of the MTJ I-V curve 634 and the transistor I-Vcurve 632 indicates a stable operating point of the memory cell.

The transistor I-V curve 632 exhibits a source loading effect similar tothe source loading effect described in FIG. 5 (with reversed biasconditions). As previously discussed, MTJ switching asymmetry tends torequire a larger current for P→AP switching than for AP→P switching,i.e. J_(C(AP→P))<J_(C(P→AP)). By reversing the connection or the layerdeposition of the MTJ device, the reduced transistor current due tosource loading effect may have a less impact because of the smallerswitching current required in the first bias condition 630. However, asindicated by the dashed lines, operating under the balanced R-H loop 614conditions requires a larger current at the AP→P transition 640 than canbe provided by the transistor due to the source loading effect.

Under the second bias condition 650, a characteristic of the MTJ deviceas a function of a voltage across the MTJ device, with the source line(SL) biased at V_(BL) and the bit line (BL) grounded, is illustrated bya MTJ current-voltage (I-V) curve 654. A characteristic of thetransistor having a negative gate voltage −V_(G) is illustrated by atransistor I-V curve 652 as a function of the voltage across the MTJdevice. An intersection of the MTJ I-V curve 654 and the transistor I-Vcurve 652 indicates a stable operating point of the memory cell 602.

A loadline analysis of the memory cell 602 indicates that the transistorprovides sufficient current to enable the MTJ device to switch from theAP state to the P state in the first bias condition 630 and also toswitch from the P state to the AP state in the second region when thepositive shift 616 is applied to generate the unbalanced R-H curve 612,which results in a shift 660 of the MTJ transitions 640 and 662 totransitions 636 and 656, respectively. The shift 660 is a negative shiftthat reduces the magnitude of the critical current in the first biascondition 630 and increases the magnitude of the critical current in thesecond bias condition 650, so that the transistor of the memory cell 602can provide enough current to enable stable operation and properswitching of the MTJ device.

The shift 660 shifts the P→AP transition 662 to the transition 656occurring at a larger magnitude current density J_(C(P→AP)) and shiftsthe AP→P transition 640 to the transition 636 occurring at a smallermagnitude current density J_(C(AP→P)). Thus, generating the offsetmagnetic field to cause the positive shift 616, such as by adjusting athickness of a pinned layer of the MTJ device, causes the shift 660 inthe MTJ I-V response and results in an increased ratio of|J_(C(P→AP))|/J_(C(AP→P)), which enables stable operation and correctswitching of the memory cell 602.

Although FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 illustrate embodiments where a shift from abalanced R-H loop condition by applying a sufficient offset fieldresults in the memory cell becoming stable, these embodimentsdemonstrating unstable behavior with balanced R-H loops and stablebehavior with unbalanced R-H loops are used for ease of explanation andnot as limitations. In general, proper operation of the memory cell maybe independent of whether the R-H loop is balanced. Instead, adjusting amemory cell to achieve proper operation may be based on determining adirection and magnitude to shift the R-H loop to adjust the switchingcurrent levels to levels achievable by the transistor under operatingbias conditions (i.e. shifting the transition points to occur within thetransistor I-V curves in the loadlines illustrated in FIGS. 5-6). Thus,an adjustment of the switching current levels to result in stableoperation may indicate an amount to shift the R-H loop, which in turnmay indicate an adjustment of an offset field to effect the shift of theR-H loop, which in turn may indicate a change in a one or more physicaldimensions (such as layer thicknesses) of the pinned layer to adjust theoffset field.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a model 700 of a relationship between aswitching current ratio and a magnetic field ratio that can be used todetermine a programmed offset magnetic field. The model 700 illustratesthe switching current ratio |J_(C−)|/J_(C+), (e.g.,|J_(C(P→AP))|/J_(C(AP→P)) as discussed with respect to FIGS. 5-6) as afunction of magnetic field ratio H_(off)/H_(c), referred to as β, forthree different values of thermal stability E_(B), shown as curves 702,704, and 706.

In a particular embodiment, the model 700 is a theoretical model basedon

$J_{c \pm} = {J_{{c\; 0} \pm}\left\lbrack {1 - {\frac{k_{B}T}{E_{B \pm}}{\ln\left( \frac{\tau}{\tau_{0}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}$

where J_(c0±) is a critical current density, k_(B) is Boltzmann'sconstant, T is temperature, and τ/τ₀ represents a ratio of a writecurrent duration τ to a constant parameter τ₀. E_(B±) is a thermalstability given by

$\begin{matrix}{E_{B \pm} = {\frac{M_{S}V{H_{c \mp}}}{2} = {\frac{M_{S}V}{2}\left( {H_{c} \mp H_{off}} \right)}}} \\{= {{\frac{M_{S}{VH}_{c}}{2}\left( {1 \mp \beta} \right)} = {E_{B}\left( {1 \mp \beta} \right)}}}\end{matrix}$

where M_(S) is the saturation magnetization. V is the volume of a MTJ,and β is H_(off)/H_(c).

The switching current ratio |J_(C−)|/J_(C+) is given by

$\frac{J_{c -}}{J_{c +}} = {{\frac{J_{{c\; 0} -}}{J_{{c\; 0} +}}\frac{1 - {\frac{k_{B}T}{E_{B}}{\ln\left( \frac{\tau}{\tau_{0}} \right)}\frac{1}{1 + \beta}}}{1 - {\frac{k_{B}T}{E_{B}}{\ln\left( \frac{\tau}{\tau_{0}} \right)}\frac{1}{1 - \beta}}}} = {\alpha\frac{1 - \frac{c}{1 + \beta}}{1 - \frac{c}{1 - \beta}}}}$where${\alpha = \frac{J_{{c\; 0} -}}{J_{{c\; 0} +}}},{\beta = \frac{H_{off}}{H_{c}}},{c = {\frac{k_{B}T}{E_{B}}{\ln\left( \frac{\tau}{\tau_{0}} \right)}}}$

The model 700 may be based on basic STT switching theory, or in otherembodiments the model 700 may be adjusted by additional physicalsimulation or modeling, or an empirical model, or any combinationthereof.

The model 700 provides a relationship between the switching currentratio 1, the offset magnetic field H_(off), and a switching fieldstrength H_(c). For example, a switching current ratio can be determinedthat enables stable operation of a memory cell, and the model 700 can beaccessed to determine an amount to modify an offset magnetic field toadjust operation of a MTJ device of the memory cell to have theswitching current ratio.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a particular embodiment of a method 800 ofreducing a source loading effect of a spin torque transfermagnetoresistive random access memory (STT-MRAM).

At 802, initial targets for RA, MR, and H_(c) may be set to meetspecifications for a target application. Typically, the read circuitrysets the threshold for MR, and RA is determined considering STTswitching characteristics of a target MTJ structure and breakdowncharacteristics of the tunneling insulator. In addition, a target Hcvalue may be limited by minimum thermal stability (E_(B)) required andcan be controlled by adjusting aspect ratio of the MTJ.

Continuing to 804, various bitcells with different transistor widths maybe fabricated, such as a memory cell including a MTJ structure seriallycoupled to an access transistor. For example, the memory cell may be thememory cell 116 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memorycell 502 of FIG. 5, or the memory cell 602 of FIG. 6. The memory cellmay have a first configuration, such as the configuration of the memorycell 502 of FIG. 5 (“Type I”), a second configuration, such as theconfiguration 604 of the memory cell 602 of FIG. 6 (“Type II”), or athird configuration, such as the configuration 606 of the memory cell602 of FIG. 6 (“Type III”).

Advancing to 806, a switching characteristic of the memory cell may bedetermined. For example, a spin torque transfer (STT) switchingcharacteristic of the memory cell may be measured. An initial criticalcurrent density J_(c) asymmetry may be known.

Moving to 808, a transistor loadline analysis may be performed todetermine the switching current ratio that enables stable operation ofthe memory cell. Note that loadlines can be varied by changingtransistor width and word line voltages. Optimum combination oftransistor width, word line voltage, and possible offset field valuescan be estimated. A switching current ratio of a magnetic tunneljunction (MTJ) structure is determined that enables stable operation ofthe memory cell. The switching current ratio may be based on a firstcritical current density to switch from the first state to the secondstate divided by a second critical current density to switch from thesecond state to the first state, such as the ratio|J_(C(P→AP))|/J_(C(AP→P)), as described with respect to FIGS. 5-6 or|J_(C−)/J_(C+), as described with respect to FIG. 7.

Proceeding to 810, an amount to modify the offset magnetic field(H_(off)) may be determined based on a magnitude of the switchingcurrent ratio |J_(C−)/J_(C+). For example, the amount to modify theoffset magnetic field H_(off) may be determined using a mathematicalmodel of a relationship between the switching current ratio|J_(C−)|/J_(C+), the offset magnetic field H_(off), and a switchingfield strength (H_(c)). Specifically, a value of H_(off)/H_(c) may bedetermined from a relationship between |J_(C−)|/J_(C+) and H_(off)/H_(c)such as discussed with respect to FIG. 7. As another example, the amountto modify the offset magnetic field H_(off) may be determined using anempirical model of a relationship between the switching current ratio|J_(C−)|/J_(C+), the offset magnetic field H_(off), and the switchingfield strength H.

The offset magnetic field H_(off) may be attainable by modifying aphysical dimension of the MTJ structure, such as by modifying one ormore layer thicknesses in the pinned layer, as discussed with respect toFIG. 4. However, such a modified memory cell may not have sufficientthermal stability for operation.

Continuing to 812, an external magnetic field (H_(ext)) may be appliedto simulate operation of the MTJ structure with the adjusted thicknessof the pinned layer. A thermal stability (E_(B)) of the memory cell inthe presence of the external magnetic field may be tested, to predict athermal stability of the memory cell after adjustment to attain theoffset magnetic field H_(off).

Advancing to decision 814, a determination is made whether the memorycell meets a target thermal stability. Where the target thermalstability is not met, the MTJ stack may be redesigned to increase thethermal stability, at 816. For example, the MTJ structure may beredesigned when the predicted thermal stability does not satisfy apredetermined threshold. One example of redesigning the MTJ structure isto change the design to a “reversed” memory cell configuration, such asthe configuration 604 or 606 of the memory cell 602 of FIG. 6, to relaxa switching current requirement under bias conditions that result in thesource loading effect, such as described with respect to FIGS. 5-6.

Where the target thermal stability is met, a determination may be madewhether the external field is substantially zero, at 818. Where theexternal field is determined to be substantially zero, the method mayend, at 822, because proper switching operation has been achieved in athermally stable design.

Otherwise, where the external field is determined to not besubstantially zero, the pinned layer thickness may be adjusted forH_(off), at 820. The thickness that is adjusted may be a thickness ofone or more particular layers of a synthetic pinned layer and may bedetermined using a model such as the model 422 of FIG. 4. The thicknessof the pinned layer of the MTJ structure is adjusted to modify theoffset magnetic field H_(off) that is coupled to a free layer of the MTJstructure. The modified offset magnetic field causes the MTJ structureto exhibit the switching current ratio |J_(C−)|/J_(C+) that isdetermined to enable stable operation at the memory cell. For example,the offset magnetic field may be modified by adding a positive fieldcomponent that decreases the switching current ratio. In a particularembodiment, when the thickness of the pinned layer is adjusted toincrease the offset magnetic field, the switching current ratio isreduced.

After adjusting the pinned layer thickness, at 820, or after redesigningthe MTJ structure, at 816, processing may return to 804, where thebitcell may be fabricated using the adjusted or redesigned properties. Amemory cell having the adjusted thickness of the pinned layer of the MTJstructure as determined by the method 800 may therefore be fabricated at804, and where the memory cell satisfies the decisions at 814 and 818, adesign of the memory cell may be stored into a design library or otherelectronic design tool and used as a component of other devices. Forexample, a STT-MRAM memory can be designed in accordance with the method800. Memory cells designed in accordance with the method 800 or inaccordance with other embodiments described herein may be incorporatedin a variety of devices, such as a mobile phone, a set-top box device, acomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a music player, a videoplayer, any other device that stores or retrieves data or computerinstructions, or any combination thereof.

In other embodiment, the method 800 may not include fabricatingbitcells, and may instead perform physical system simulations to predictbehavior of bitcell designs as part of an automated design process ordesign tool. For example, in a particular embodiment, all or part of themethod 800 may be performed by dedicated circuitry, field programmablegate arrays, a processor executing computer readable instructions thatare tangibly embodied in a computer readable medium, such as a processorexecuting software stored in a computer memory, other tangible physicaldevices configured to implement all or part of the method 800, or anycombination thereof, to iteratively improve a STT-MRAM memory celldesign prior to fabricating a memory using the memory cell design.

Referring to FIG. 9, a block diagram of a particular illustrativeembodiment of a portable electronic device including a resistance basedmemory including memory cells with programmed offset magnetic fields isdepicted and generally designated 900. The device 900 includes aprocessor, such as a digital signal processor (DSP) 910, coupled to amemory 932 and also coupled to the resistance based memory 964 thatincludes memory cells with programmed offset magnetic fields. In anillustrative example, the resistance based memory 964 includes thememory device 100 depicted in FIG. 1, or includes one or more of thememory cells 200, 502, 602, or 606 depicted in FIGS. 2, 5, and 6,respectively, or is formed in accordance with the method 800 of FIG. 8,or any combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, the resistancebased memory 964 is a spin torque transfer magnetoresistive randomaccess memory (STT-MRAM).

FIG. 9 also shows a display controller 926 that is coupled to thedigital signal processor 910 and to a display 928. A coder/decoder(CODEC) 934 can also be coupled to the digital signal processor 910. Aspeaker 936 and a microphone 938 can be coupled to the CODEC 934. FIG. 9also indicates that a wireless transceiver 940 can be coupled to thedigital signal processor 910 and to a wireless antenna 942.

The processor 910 is configured to perform memory operations atindividual memory cells or groups of memory cells of the resistancebased memory 964. For example, the processor 910 may be configured tostore data at the resistance based memory 964 that is received via theantenna 942 and the wireless transceiver 940, such as audio data orvideo data received via a wireless communication network. The processor910 may be configured to retrieve data stored at the resistance basedmemory 964 to initiate data presentation, such as to display at thedisplay device 928, to generate at the speaker 936, or any combinationthereof.

In a particular embodiment, the DSP 910, the display controller 926, thememory 932, the CODEC 934, the wireless transceiver 940, and theresistance-based-memory 964 are included in a system-in-package orsystem-on-chip device 922. In a particular embodiment, an input device930 and a power supply 944 are coupled to the system-on-chip device 922.Moreover, in a particular embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 9, thedisplay 928, the input device 930, the speaker 936, the microphone 938,the wireless antenna 942, and the power supply 944 are external to thesystem-on-chip device 922. However, each of the display 928, the inputdevice 930, the speaker 936, the microphone 938, the wireless antenna942, and the power supply 944 can be coupled to a component of thesystem-on-chip device 922, such as an interface or a controller.

The foregoing disclosed devices and functionalities may be designed andconfigured into computer files (e.g. RTL, GDSII, GERBER, etc.) stored oncomputer readable media. Some or all such files may be provided tofabrication handlers who fabricate devices based on such files.Resulting products include semiconductor wafers that are then cut intosemiconductor die and packaged into a semiconductor chip. The chips arethen employed in devices described above. FIG. 10 depicts a particularillustrative embodiment of an electronic device manufacturing process1000.

Physical device information 1002 is received in the manufacturingprocess 1000, such as at a research computer 1006. The physical deviceinformation 1002 may include design information representing at leastone physical property of a semiconductor device, such as the memorydevice 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 502of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 having the configuration 604 or 606 ofFIG. 6, or any combination thereof. For example the physical deviceinformation 1002 may include physical parameters, materialcharacteristics, and structure information that is entered via a userinterface 1004 coupled to the research computer 1006. The researchcomputer 1006 includes a processor 1008, such as one or more processingcores, coupled to a computer readable medium such as a memory 1010. Thememory 1010 may store computer readable instructions that are executableto cause the processor 1008 to transform the physical device information1002 to comply with a file format and to generate a library file 1012.

In a particular embodiment, the library file 1012 includes at least onedata file including the transformed design information. For example, thelibrary file 1012 may include a library of semiconductor devicesincluding the memory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG.2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 having theconfiguration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof, that isprovided for use with an electronic design automation (EDA) tool 1020.

The library file 1012 may be used in conjunction with the EDA tool 1020at a design computer 1014 including a processor 1016, such as one ormore processing cores, coupled to a memory 1018. The EDA tool 1020 maybe stored as processor executable instructions at the memory 1018 toenable a user of the design computer 1014 to design a circuit using thememory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memorycell 502 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 602 having the configuration 604 or606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof, of the library file 1012. Forexample, a user of the design computer 1014 may enter circuit designinformation 1022 via a user interface 1024 coupled to the designcomputer 1014. The circuit design information 1022 may include designinformation representing at least one physical property of asemiconductor device, such as the memory device 100 of FIG. 1, thememory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memorycell 602 having the configuration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or anycombination thereof. To illustrate, the circuit design property mayinclude identification of particular circuits and relationships to otherelements in a circuit design, positioning information, feature sizeinformation, interconnection information, or other informationrepresenting a physical property of a semiconductor device.

The design computer 1014 may be configured to transform the designinformation, including the circuit design information 1022 to complywith a file format. To illustrate, the file formation may include adatabase binary file format representing planar geometric shapes, textlabels, and other information about a circuit layout in a hierarchicalformat, such as a Graphic Data System (GDSII) file format. The designcomputer 1014 may be configured to generate a data file including thetransformed design information, such as a GDSII file 1026 that includesinformation describing the memory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell200 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 havingthe configuration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof, inaddition to other circuits or information. To illustrate, the data filemay include information corresponding to a system-on-chip (SOC) thatincludes the memory device 100 of FIG. 1 and that also includesadditional electronic circuits and components within the SOC.

The GDSII file 1026 may be received at a fabrication process 1028 tomanufacture the memory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG.2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 having theconfiguration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof,according to transformed information in the GDSII file 1026. Forexample, a device manufacture process may include providing the GDSIIfile 1026 to a mask manufacturer 1030 to create one or more masks, suchas masks to be used for photolithography processing, illustrated as arepresentative mask 1032. The mask 1032 may be used during thefabrication process to generate one or more wafers 1034, which may betested and separated into dies, such as a representative die 1036. Thedie 1036 includes a circuit including the memory device 100 of FIG. 1,the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memorycell 602 having the configuration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or anycombination thereof.

The die 1036 may be provided to a packaging process 1038 where the die1036 is incorporated into a representative package 1040. For example,the package 1040 may include the single die 1036 or multiple dies, suchas a system-in-package (SiP) arrangement. The package 1040 may beconfigured to conform to one or more standards or specifications, suchas Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) standards.

Information regarding the package 1040 may be distributed to variousproduct designers, such as via a component library stored at a computer1046. The computer 1046 may include a processor 1048, such as one ormore processing cores, coupled to a memory 1050. A printed circuit board(PCB) tool may be stored as processor executable instructions at thememory 1050 to process PCB design information 1042 received from a userof the computer 1046 via a user interface 1044. The PCB designinformation 1042 may include physical positioning information of apackaged semiconductor device on a circuit board, the packagedsemiconductor device corresponding to the package 1040 including thememory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memorycell 502 of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 having the configuration 604 or606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof.

The computer 1046 may be configured to transform the PCB designinformation 1042 to generate a data file, such as a GERBER file 1052with data that includes physical positioning information of a packagedsemiconductor device on a circuit board, as well as layout of electricalconnections such as traces and vias, where the packaged semiconductordevice corresponds to the package 1040 including the memory device 100of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2, the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5,the memory cell 602 having the configuration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, orany combination thereof. In other embodiments, the data file generatedby the transformed PCB design information may have a format other than aGERBER format.

The GERBER file 1052 may be received at a board assembly process 1054and used to create PCBs, such as a representative PCB 1056, manufacturedin accordance with the design information stored within the GERBER file1052. For example, the GERBER file 1052 may be uploaded to one or moremachines for performing various steps of a PCB production process. ThePCB 1056 may be populated with electronic components including thepackage 1040 to form a represented printed circuit assembly (PCA) 1058.

The PCA 1058 may be received at a product manufacture process 1060 andintegrated into one or more electronic devices, such as a firstrepresentative electronic device 1062 and a second representativeelectronic device 1064. As an illustrative, non-limiting example, thefirst representative electronic device 1062, the second representativeelectronic device 1064, or both, may be selected from the group of a settop box, a music player, a video player, an entertainment unit, anavigation device, a communications device, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a fixed location data unit, and a computer. As anotherillustrative, non-limiting example, one or more of the electronicdevices 1062 and 1064 may be remote units such as mobile phones,hand-held personal communication systems (PCS) units, portable dataunits such as personal data assistants, global positioning system (GPS)enabled devices, navigation devices, fixed location data units such asmeter reading equipment, or any other device that stores or retrievesdata or computer instructions, or any combination thereof. Although oneor more of FIGS. 1-9 may illustrate remote units according to theteachings of the disclosure, the disclosure is not limited to theseexemplary illustrated units. Embodiments of the disclosure may besuitably employed in any device which includes active integratedcircuitry including memory and on-chip circuitry for test andcharacterization.

Thus, the memory device 100 of FIG. 1, the memory cell 200 of FIG. 2,the memory cell 502 of FIG. 5, the memory cell 602 having theconfiguration 604 or 606 of FIG. 6, or any combination thereof, may befabricated, processed, and incorporated into an electronic device, asdescribed in the illustrative process 1000. One or more aspects of theembodiments disclosed with respect to FIGS. 1-9 may be included atvarious processing stages, such as within the library file 1012, theGDSII file 1026, and the GERBER file 1052, as well as stored at thememory 1010 of the research computer 1006, the memory 1018 of the designcomputer 1014, the memory 1050 of the computer 1046, the memory of oneor more other computers or processors (not shown) used at the variousstages, such as at the board assembly process 1054, and alsoincorporated into one or more other physical embodiments such as themask 1032, the die 1036, the package 1040, the PCA 1058, other productssuch as prototype circuits or devices (not shown), or any combinationthereof. Although various representative stages of production from aphysical device design to a final product are depicted, in otherembodiments fewer stages may be used or additional stages may beincluded. Similarly, the process 1000 may be performed by a singleentity, or by one or more entities performing various stages of theprocess 1000.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrativelogical blocks, configurations, modules, circuits, and algorithm stepsdescribed in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may beimplemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinationsof both. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality invarying ways for each particular application, but such implementationdecisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from thescope of the present disclosure.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with theembodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in asoftware module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two.A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flashmemory, read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM),erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, aremovable disk, a compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), or any otherform of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium iscoupled to the processor such that the processor can read informationfrom, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative,the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor andthe storage medium may reside in an application-specific integratedcircuit (ASIC). The ASIC may reside in a computing device or a userterminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium mayreside as discrete components in a computing device or user terminal.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosedembodiments. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thescope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended tobe limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded thewidest scope possible consistent with the principles and novel featuresas defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a magnetic tunneljunction (MTJ) structure including: a free layer; an antiferromagneticlayer; and a pinned layer positioned between the free layer and theantiferromagnetic layer, wherein the pinned layer is distinct from theantiferromagnetic layer, and wherein a magnetic moment of the free layeris substantially parallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in afirst state and substantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of thepinned layer in a second state, wherein the pinned layer has a physicaldimension to produce an offset magnetic field that causes the MTJstructure to exhibit a switching current ratio that enables stableoperation of the free layer, and wherein the switching current ratioincludes a ratio of a first magnitude of a first switching current to asecond magnitude of a second switching current, the first switchingcurrent to enable switching from the first state to the second state andthe second switching current to enable switching from the second stateto the first state; and an access transistor coupled to the MTJstructure.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first switchingcurrent is less than a first threshold associated with an operatingcurrent characteristic of the access transistor, and wherein theoperating current characteristic of the access transistor comprises acurrent from a drain terminal of the access transistor to a sourceterminal of the access transistor at a predetermined voltage between agate terminal of the access transistor and the drain terminal of theaccess transistor.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the free layeris positioned a first distance from the drain terminal and the pinnedlayer is positioned a second distance from the drain terminal, the firstdistance greater than the second distance, and wherein a conductive pathelectrically connects the drain terminal to the free layer.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 2, wherein the free layer is positioned a firstdistance from the drain terminal and the pinned layer is positioned asecond distance from the drain terminal, the second distance greaterthan the first distance, and wherein a conductive path electricallyconnects the drain terminal to the free layer.
 5. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the pinned layer includes a first magnetic layer, anon-magnetic layer, and a second magnetic layer, wherein the secondmagnetic layer is positioned between the non-magnetic layer and theantiferromagnetic layer, and wherein the physical dimension correspondsto a thickness of the second magnetic layer.
 6. The apparatus of claim1, further comprising a device selected from a set top box, a musicplayer, a video player, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, acommunications device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a fixedlocation data unit, and a computer, into which the MTJ structure isintegrated.
 7. An apparatus comprising: means for storing a data valueas an orientation of a magnetic moment that is programmable by a spinpolarized current exceeding a threshold current density; means forstoring a pinned magnetic moment having a pinned orientation, whereinthe magnetic moment that is programmable is substantially parallel tothe pinned magnetic moment in a first state and substantiallyantiparallel to the pinned magnetic moment in a second state; and anantiferromagnetic layer that is distinct from the means for storing thepinned magnetic moment, wherein the means for storing the pinnedmagnetic moment is positioned between the means for storing the datavalue and the antiferromagnetic layer, wherein the means for storing thepinned magnetic moment has a physical dimension to produce an offsetmagnetic field that causes a switching current ratio that enables stableoperation of the means for storing the data value, and wherein theswitching current ratio includes a ratio of a first magnitude of a firstswitching current to a second magnitude of a second switching current,the first switching current to cause the means for storing the datavalue to switch from the first state to the second state and the secondswitching current to cause the means for storing the data value toswitch from the second state to the first state.
 8. The apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein the means for storing the data value, the means forstoring the pinned magnetic moment, and the antiferromagnetic layer areintegrated in at least one semiconductor die.
 9. The apparatus of claim7, further comprising a device selected from a set top box, a musicplayer, a video player, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, acommunications device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a fixedlocation data unit, and a computer, into which the means for storing thedata value and the means for storing the pinned magnetic moment areintegrated.
 10. A method comprising: receiving design informationrepresenting at least one physical property of a semiconductor device,the semiconductor device including a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ)structure including: a free layer; an antiferromagnetic layer; and apinned layer positioned between the free layer and the antiferromagneticlayer, wherein the pinned layer is distinct from the antiferromagneticlayer, and wherein a magnetic moment of the free layer is substantiallyparallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state andsubstantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer ina second state, wherein the pinned layer has a physical dimension toproduce an offset magnetic field that causes the MTJ structure toexhibit a switching current ratio that enables stable operation of thefree layer, and wherein the switching current ratio includes a ratio ofa first magnitude of a first switching current to a second magnitude ofa second switching current, the first switching current to enableswitching from the first state to the second state and the secondswitching current to enable switching from the second state to the firststate; transforming the design information to comply with a file format;and generating a data file including the transformed design information.11. The method of claim 10, wherein the data file includes a GDSIIformat.
 12. A method comprising: receiving a data file including designinformation corresponding to a semiconductor device; and fabricating thesemiconductor device according to the design information, wherein thesemiconductor device includes a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structureincluding: a free layer; an antiferromagnetic layer; and a pinned layerpositioned between the free layer and the antiferromagnetic layer,wherein the pinned layer is distinct from the antiferromagnetic layer,and wherein a magnetic moment of the free layer is substantiallyparallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state andsubstantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer ina second state, wherein the pinned layer has a physical dimension toproduce an offset magnetic field that causes the MTJ structure toexhibit a switching current ratio that enables stable operation of thefree layer, and wherein the switching current ratio includes a ratio ofa first magnitude of a first switching current to a second magnitude ofa second switching current, the first switching current to enableswitching from the first state to the second state and the secondswitching current to enable switching from the second state to the firststate.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising, prior to the datafile being received: determining the switching current ratio thatenables the stable operation of the MTJ structure; and modifying, basedon the switching current ratio, the offset magnetic field by changingthe physical dimension, wherein the design information includes thephysical dimension.
 14. A method comprising: receiving designinformation including physical positioning information of a packagedsemiconductor device on a circuit board, the packaged semiconductordevice including a semiconductor structure comprising a magnetic tunneljunction (MTJ) structure including: a free layer; an antiferromagneticlayer; and a pinned layer positioned between the free layer and theantiferromagnetic layer, wherein the pinned layer is distinct from theantiferromagnetic layer, and wherein a magnetic moment of the free layeris substantially parallel to a magnetic moment of the pinned layer in afirst state and substantially antiparallel to the magnetic moment of thepinned layer in a second state, wherein the pinned layer has a physicaldimension to produce an offset magnetic field that causes the MTJstructure to exhibit a switching current ratio that enables stableoperation of the free layer, and wherein the switching current ratioincludes a ratio of a first magnitude of a first switching current to asecond magnitude of a second switching current, the first switchingcurrent to enable switching from the first state to the second state andthe second switching current to enable switching from the second stateto the first state; and transforming the design information to generatea data file.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the data file has aGERBER format.
 16. A method comprising: receiving a data file includingdesign information including physical positioning information of apackaged semiconductor device on a circuit board; and manufacturing thecircuit board configured to receive the packaged semiconductor deviceaccording to the design information, wherein the packaged semiconductordevice comprises a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure including: afree layer; an antiferromagnetic layer; and a pinned layer positionedbetween the free layer and the antiferromagnetic layer, wherein thepinned layer is distinct from the antiferromagnetic layer, and wherein amagnetic moment of the free layer is substantially parallel to amagnetic moment of the pinned layer in a first state and substantiallyantiparallel to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer in a secondstate, wherein the pinned layer has a physical dimension to produce anoffset magnetic field that causes the MTJ structure to exhibit aswitching current ratio that enables stable operation of the free layer,and wherein the switching current ratio includes a ratio of a firstmagnitude of a first switching current to a second magnitude of a secondswitching current, the first switching current to enable switching fromthe first state to the second state and the second switching current toenable switching from the second state to the first state.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, wherein the data file has a GERBER format.
 18. Themethod of claim 16, further comprising integrating the circuit boardinto a device selected from a set top box, a music player, a videoplayer, an entertainment unit, a navigation device, a communicationsdevice, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a fixed location data unit,and a computer.
 19. An apparatus comprising: an access transistor; and amagnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) structure coupled to the accesstransistor, the MTJ structure including: a free layer; anantiferromagnetic layer; and a pinned layer positioned between the freelayer and the antiferromagnetic layer, wherein a magnetic moment of thefree layer is substantially parallel to a magnetic moment of the pinnedlayer in a first state and substantially antiparallel to the magneticmoment of the pinned layer in a second state, wherein the pinned layerhas a physical dimension to produce an offset magnetic field that causesthe MTJ structure to exhibit a switching current ratio that enablesstable operation of the free layer.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the switching current ratio is based on a first switchingcurrent and a second switching current, the first switching current toswitch the MTJ structure from the first state to the second state andthe second switching current to switch the MTJ structure from the secondstate to the first state.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein theswitching current ratio includes a ratio of a first magnitude of thefirst switching current to a second magnitude of the second switchingcurrent, and wherein the physical dimension causes the first magnitudeof the first switching current to be less than half of the secondmagnitude of the second switching current.